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Weekly Update: U.S. Solidifies Trade Deals with Japan and the EU

Weekly Update: U.S. Solidifies Trade Deals with Japan and the EU

July 28, 2025


Weekly Market Update
July 28, 2025
Outlook

The University of Michigan's Consumer Sentiment Index is perhaps the most widely known indicator of how the typical U.S. consumer feels about their economic situation on a monthly basis. Since its inception in the 1950's, two of the lowest three readings came in the last few years (2022 and April of this year). While this sounds like bad news on the surface, historically low readings have many times been followed by rising confidence alongside economic expansion.1 Since the recent low in April, the Index has risen sharply but is still well below its long-term average.

The economy does indeed appear to be doing well, as wages are growing faster than inflation (wage growth) and declining credit card delinquencies (normal range). However, this week will prove to be very informative as we will get the official 2nd quarter GDP estimate on Friday, updates on inflation, jobs, consumer confidence, and the Fed's interest rate decision. Additionally, earnings will be reported by several major tech giants (Microsoft, Meta, Apple, Amazon).  

. . .

U.S. equity markets posted strong gains in the prior week, driven by robust corporate earnings and evolving trade dynamics. The S&P 500 closed at another high, above 6,300 for the first time, marking the 12th record close of 2025. The Nasdaq Composite surged above 21,000, boosted by strength in the technology sector and optimism surrounding artificial intelligence. Meanwhile, the Dow Jones Industrial Average reached 45,010 intra-week, just shy of a new all-time high. Taken together, these moves reflect a continuation of the recent trend of low volatility and steady, upward momentum across major indices.

Tariffs and trade developments have been a key source of uncertainty this year, but are gradually showing signs of resolving as more trade deals are being announced before the August 1st deadline. For instance, U.S. President Donald Trump revealed a “massive deal” with Japan on Tuesday. The deal includes a $550 billion investment commitment in the U.S., and a reduction in the proposed tariffs on Japanese imports from 25% to 15%.2 Additionally, Trump continued negotiations with the European Union over the weekend, which resulted in another trade deal. The agreement established a 15% baseline tariff on EU exports to the U.S.3

These agreements will likely serve as templates for other major countries as negotiations continue. While trade deals with the EU, U.K., Vietnam, Indonesia, Japan, and partially with China are solidified, discussions with Canada, South Korea, and India remain in progress. Collectively, these developments suggest that the worst-case scenarios are being avoided, and the growing clarity is helping to restore investor confidence and support increased investment spending. 

On the monetary policy front, the White House has been ramping up pressure on the Federal Reserve to adopt a more accommodative stance (to lower interest rates), referring to other central banks that have taken more aggressive rate-cutting actions. Notably, the European Central Bank has reduced its benchmark rate by 2.0% over the past year, compared to the Federal Reserve’s 1.0% reduction.

Despite this political pressure, the Federal Reserve is widely expected to maintain its current policy stance at the upcoming meeting on Wednesday. The decision to maintain thus far has been underpinned by the continued strength of the U.S. economy, along with lingering concerns about potential inflationary pressures.

Looking ahead, the possibility of a rate cut in September remains on the table. Market participants are currently pricing in a 60-61% chance of a 25 basis point reduction in September, with expectations for two total rate cuts (50 basis points) by year-end.  The Fed’s path forward will likely depend on incoming economic data and the outcome of ongoing trade-related negotiations.  

[1]https://www.sca.isr.umich.edu/charts.html

[2]https://www.whitehouse.gov/fact-sheets/2025/07/fact-sheet-president-donald-j-trump-secures-unprecedented-u-s-japan-strategic-trade-and-investment-agreement/

[3]https://www.reuters.com/business/us-eu-avert-trade-war-with-15-tariff-deal-2025-07-28/

[4]CME FedWatch - CME Group

Upcoming Reports

Monday: N/A

Tuesday: JOLTs Job Openings

Wednesday: ADP Nonfarm Employment Change, GDP, FOMC Statement, Fed Interest Rate Decision, FOMC Press Conference

Thursday: PCE Inflation

Friday: Nonfarm Payrolls - Average Hourly Earnings, Participation Rate, Unemployment Rate, Manufacturing PMI 

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